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1. 薛定谔的猫与平行宇宙到底怎么回事？李永乐老师7分钟讲解量子力学
Xuēdìng’è de māo yǔ píngxíng yǔzhòu dàodǐ zěnme huí shì? Lǐ yǒnglè lǎoshī 7 fēnzhōng jiǎngjiě liàngzǐ lìxué – What’s going on with Schrödinger’s cat and parallel universes? Teacher Li Yongle explains quantum mechanics in 7 minutes
各位同学大家好。我是李永乐老师 | 总小朋友问我。薛定谔的猫是什么 | 还让我解释一下平行宇宙 | 那么今天我们就把这两个问题一起给大家介绍一下 | 为了理解这个问题| 首先我们要先明白经典物理学或者叫经典力学 | 它与量子力学之间有什么样的差别 | 在经典的世界里 它最主要的一个观点叫确定性 | 什么叫确定性呢？
各位同学大家好。我是李永乐老师 | 总小朋友问我。Gèwèi tóngxué dàjiā hǎo. Wǒ shì lǐ yǒnglè lǎoshī | zǒng xiǎopéngyǒu wèn wǒ. Xuēdìng’è de māo shì shénme | hái ràng wǒ jiěshì yīxià píngxíng yǔzhòu | nàme jīntiān wǒmen jiù bǎ zhè liǎng gè wèntí yīqǐ gěi dàjiā jièshào yīxià | wèile lǐjiě zhège wèntí | shǒuxiān wǒmen yào xiān míngbái jīngdiǎn wùlǐ xué huòzhě jiào jīngdiǎn lìxué | tā yǔ liàngzǐ lìxué zhī jiān yǒu shé me yàng de chābié | zài jīngdiǎn de shìjiè lǐ tā zuì zhǔyào de yīgè guāndiǎn jiào quèdìng xìng | shénme jiào quèdìng xìng ne? – Hello fellow students. I’m Teacher Li Yongle | The chief kid asked me. What is Schrödinger’s cat | Let me explain parallel universes | Then today we will introduce these two problems to you | In order to understand this problem | First of all, we must first understand classical physics or classical mechanics | It is related to quantum What is the difference between mechanics | In the classical world, one of its most important viewpoints is called certainty | What is certainty?
比如说一个原子 | 原子中心有原子核。核外有电子在围绕原子核高速的运动 | 那么原子核的质量有多大？它在什么位置？ | 电子的速度有多大？它们之间的轨道半径有多少？Bǐrú shuō yīgè yuánzǐ | yuánzǐ zhōngxīn yǒu yuánzǐhé. Hé wài yǒu diànzǐ zài wéirào yuánzǐhé gāosù de yùndòng | nàme yuánzǐhé de zhìliàng yǒu duōdà? Tā zài shénme wèizhì? | Diànzǐ de sùdù yǒu duōdà? Tāmen zhī jiān de guǐdào bànjìng yǒu duōshǎo? – For example, an atom | Atomic center has a nucleus. There are electrons moving around the nucleus at a high speed outside the nucleus | How much is the mass of the nucleus? Where is it located? | How fast are electrons? What is the orbital radius between them?
这个切信思都应该是确定的而在量子力学里最重要的特点是不确定性 | 所谓不确定性。意思是说同样是这个原子。它中心有一个原子核 | 原子核能量有多大？Zhège qiè xìn sī dōu yīnggāi shì quèdìng de ér zài liàngzǐ lìxué lǐ zuì zhòngyào de tèdiǎn shì bù quèdìng xìng | suǒwèi bù quèdìng xìng. Yìsi shì shuō tóngyàng shì zhège yuánzǐ. Tā zhōngxīn yǒu yīgè yuánzǐhé | yuánzǐhé néngliàng yǒu duōdà? – All beliefs should be certain and the most important feature in quantum mechanics is uncertainty | the so-called uncertainty. It means that it is the same atom. It has a nucleus in the center | How much energy is the nucleus?
我们是不知道的 | 它是不确定的 | 电子有可能在这 有可能在这 | 有可能在这。我们也是不知道的 | 电子的速度究竟有多大。我们还是不知道的 | 也就是说这一切不光我们不知道 | 它本身就处于一种不确定的状态 | 这个状态就称之为纠缠态 | 它具有不确定性 | 那么我们怎么从不确定性变成确定性的呢？Wǒmen shì bù zhīdào de | tā shì bù quèdìng de | diànzǐ yǒu kěnéng zài zhè yǒu kěnéng zài zhè | yǒu kěnéng zài zhè. Wǒmen yěshì bù zhīdào de | diànzǐ de sùdù jiùjìng yǒu duōdà. Wǒmen háishì bù zhīdào de | yě jiùshì shuō zhè yīqiè bùguāng wǒmen bù zhīdào | tā běnshēn jiù chǔyú yī zhǒng bù quèdìng de zhuàngtài | zhège zhuàngtài jiù chēng zhī wèi jiūchán tài | tā jùyǒu bù quèdìng xìng | nàme wǒmen zěnme cóng bù quèdìng xìng biàn chéng quèdìng xìng de ne? – We don’t know | it’s uncertain | the electron could be here | it could be here. We also don’t know how fast the electrons are. What we still don’t know| That is to say, not only we don’t know all this|It itself is in an uncertain state|This state is called an entangled state|It has uncertainty|So how do we change from uncertainty to deterministic?
方法就是测量 | 也就是说如果我们进行测量 | 那么一个不确定的状态就会变成一个确定的状态 | 那么人们给这种不确定状态起到一种名字 | 叫纠缠态 | 而这个确定的状态就称之为本征态 | 也就是说你通过测量 | 通过测量你会把一个纠缠态。Fāngfǎ jiùshì cèliáng | yě jiùshì shuō rúguǒ wǒmen jìnxíng cèliáng | nàme yīgè bù quèdìng de zhuàngtài jiù huì biàn chéng yīgè quèdìng de zhuàngtài | nàme rénmen gěi zhè zhǒng bù quèdìng zhuàngtài qǐ dào yī zhǒng míngzì | jiào jiūchán tài | ér zhège quèdìng de zhuàngtài jiù chēng zhī wéi běn zhēng tài | yě jiùshì shuō nǐ tōngguò cèliáng | tōngguò cèliáng nǐ huì bǎ yīgè jiūchán tài. – The method is to measure | that is to say, if we measure | then an uncertain state becomes a definite state | then people give this uncertain state a name | called entangled state | and this definite state It’s called an eigenstate | that is, by measuring | by measuring you put an entangled state.
进行坍塌变成了电子 | 可能在这，可能在这 | 但你最终一看噢。它在什么位置我们知道了 | 所以测量是联系不确定性和确定性的一个最重要的方法 | 也就是说我们如果不进行测量 | 这个电子在什么位置都有可能 | 如果我们进行测量 | 它就会跑到某一个位置确定下来 | 这个事听起来比较神奇 | 比如说如果把量子力学的这个观点 | 推广到现实生活当中就非常荒谬了。Jìnxíng tāntā biàn chéngle diànzǐ | kěnéng zài zhè, kěnéng zài zhè | dàn nǐ zuìzhōng yī kàn ō. Tā zài shénme wèizhì wǒmen zhīdàole | suǒyǐ cèliáng shì liánxì bù quèdìng xìng hé quèdìng xìng de yīgè zuì zhòngyào de fāngfǎ | yě jiùshì shuō wǒmen rúguǒ bù jìnxíng cèliáng | zhège diànzǐ zài shénme wèizhì dōu yǒu kěnéng | rúguǒ wǒmen jìnxíng cèliáng | tā jiù huì pǎo dào mǒu yīgè wèizhì quèdìng xiàlái | zhège shì tīng qǐlái bǐjiào shénqí | bǐrú shuō rúguǒ bǎ liàngzǐ lìxué de zhège guāndiǎn | tuīguǎng dào xiànshí shēnghuó dāngzhōng jiù fēicháng huāngmiùle. – Collapse into electrons | may be here, may be here | but you look at it eventually. We know where it is | so measurement is one of the most important ways to connect uncertainty and certainty | that is to say, if we don’t measure | this electron can be anywhere | if we measure | Will run to a certain position to be determined | This thing sounds amazing | For example, if this point of view of quantum mechanics is extended to real life, it is very absurd.
比如说月亮吧 | 月亮在每时每刻处于什么位置？速度是多大？| 这一切都应该是确定的 | 但是按照量子力学的观点 | 如果我们不进行观测。Bǐrú shuō yuèliàng ba | yuèliàng zài měi shí měi kè chǔyú shénme wèizhì? Sùdù shì duōdà?| Zhè yīqiè dōu yīnggāi shì quèdìng de | dànshì ànzhào liàngzǐ lìxué de guāndiǎn | rúguǒ wǒmen bù jìnxíng guāncè. – Take the moon, for example. Where is the moon at every moment? What is the speed? | This should all be deterministic | but from the point of view of quantum mechanics | if we do not observe
我们背过眼去看。我们背过眼睛不去看它。那月亮在什么位置就不一定了。它有可能现在就消失了。但是我们转眼一看唉。它就出现了这是不是非常荒谬呢？Wǒmen bèiguòyǎn qù kàn. Wǒmen bèi guò yǎnjīng bù qù kàn tā. Nà yuèliàng zài shénme wèizhì jiù bù yīdìngle. Tā yǒu kěnéng xiànzài jiù xiāoshīle. Dànshì wǒmen zhuǎnyǎn yī kàn āi. Tā jiù chūxiànle zhè shì bùshì fēicháng huāngmiù ne? – We turn our eyes away. We turn our eyes away from it. The position of the moon is uncertain. It may be gone now. But let’s take a look. Isn’t it ridiculous that it just appeared?
量子力学的很多创立者本身对量子力学也有怀疑 | 比如说者名的科学薛定谔 | 薛定谔他提出了薛定谔方程 | 用于解释量子的特征薛定谔。Liàngzǐ lìxué de hěnduō chuànglì zhě běnshēn duì liàngzǐ lìxué yěyǒu huáiyí | bǐrú shuō zhě míng de kēxué xuēdìng’è | xuēdìng’è tā tíchūle xuēdìng’è fāngchéng | yòng yú jiěshì liàngzǐ de tèzhēng xuēdìng’è. – Many founders of quantum mechanics themselves have doubts about quantum mechanics | For example, the name of the scientific Schrödinger | Schrödinger, he proposed the Schrödinger equation | Schrödinger used to explain the characteristics of quantum.
他提出了薛定谔方程 | 所以他是量子力学的创立者之一 | 但是他对量子力学特怀疑态度 | 认为量子力学一个不完备的理论 | 他把刚才我们说的月亮的例子又进行扩大化 | 提出了一个著名的经典的例子叫薛定谔的猫。Tā tíchūle xuēdìng’è fāngchéng | suǒyǐ tā shì liàngzǐ lìxué de chuànglì zhě zhī yī | dànshì tā duì liàngzǐ lìxué tè huáiyí tàidù | rènwéi liàngzǐ lìxué yīgè bù wánbèi de lǐlùn | tā bǎ gāngcái wǒmen shuō de yuèliàng de lìzi yòu jìnxíng kuòdà huà | tíchūle yīgè zhùmíng de jīngdiǎn de lìzi jiào xuēdìng’è de māo. – He proposed the Schrödinger equation | So he is one of the founders of quantum mechanics | But he is very skeptical of quantum mechanics | He thinks quantum mechanics is an incomplete theory | He expanded the example of the moon we just mentioned | Proposed A famous classic example is called Schrödinger’s cat.
薛定谔说我们可以构造这样的一个系统 | 有一个封闭的盒子。这盒子里面什么都有氧气。食物什么都有 | 然后一只猫在这个盒子里边呆着 | 这里有一瓶气这个毒气如果释放出来，猫就死了。Xuēdìng’è shuō wǒmen kěyǐ gòuzào zhèyàng de yīgè xìtǒng | yǒuyīgè fēngbì de hézi. Zhè hézi lǐmiàn shénme dōu yǒu yǎngqì. Shíwù shénme dōu yǒu | ránhòu yī zhǐ māo zài zhège hézi lǐbian dāizhe | zhè li yǒu yī píng qì zhège dúqì rúguǒ shìfàng chūlái, māo jiù sǐle. – Schrödinger said that we can construct such a system | with a closed box. Everything in this box has oxygen. Food and everything | Then a cat stays in this box | There is a bottle of gas here. If the poison gas is released, the cat will die.
如果没有释放猫就活着 | 那么毒气释不释放 | 是有一个锤子如果锤子卓下来就砸了这个瓶子 | 它就毒气释放出来了 | 锤子释不释放。要着有一个接收装置 | 这个接收装置有没有接收到粒子。Rúguǒ méiyǒu shìfàng māo jiù huózhe | nàme dúqì shì bù shìfàng | shì yǒu yīgè chuízi rúguǒ chuízi zhuō xiàlái jiù zále zhège píngzi | tā jiù dúqì shìfàng chūláile | chuízi shì bù shìfàng. Yàozhe yǒu yīgè jiēshōu zhuāngzhì | zhège jiēshōu zhuāngzhì yǒu méiyǒu jiēshōu dào lìzǐ. – If the cat is not released, it will live | then the gas will not be released | there is a hammer. If the hammer falls, it will smash the bottle | it will release the gas | the hammer will not release. To have a receiver | Does this receiver receive any particles.
https://youtube.com/watch?v=6L37Nwffy74%3Fstart%3D206